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are not installed. Onboard energy
generation systems use alternative
fuels, such as hydrogen, to generate
electric power for vehicles
instead of collecting power from
wayside infrastructure.
To date, ground contact systems
have not been implemented
in the United States, but several
are in use in other countries. Several
hybrid vehicle systems are in
operation in the U.S., while other
off -wire systems are in various
stages of development. Hybrid vehicle
systems, in some cases, have
been coupled with quick-charging
stations to implement a true wireless
system.
Ground contact
system (GCS)
Th e GCS features an embedded
“third rail” centered on the track
with 8-meter conductive segments
separated by 3-meter isolation
segments. Th e conductive segments
are powered only when the
vehicle travels over them. Th e
power infrastructure uses substations
with feeder cables like OCS,
but ground contact systems have
vehicle detection systems to control
embedded switchgear along
the alignment. Th e ground contact
system has drawbacks, particularly
higher capital costs than other
options and a scarcity of suppliers,
contributing to the lack of implementation
in the U.S.. However it
has an advantage over pure contactless
options on an alignment
with signifi cant uphill grades.
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